By the 1700s, most Masonic bodies contained, at their higher levels, "Rosicrucian Degrees" -- while various occult fraternities were associated with, or gave out that they were associated with, some form of Rosicrucianism. In 1866 Robert Wentworth Little and other ranking Freemasons in England formed the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia.
Bulletin: March 1998
ReplyDeleteU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NO. 3-98-EXP
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JUL 27, 1998
PROBABLE MINING EXPLOSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
MARCH 1998
ORIGIN TIME GEOGRAPHIC DEPTH MAGNITUDE SD NO. REGION, CONTRIBUTED MAGNITUDES AND COMMENTS
UTC COORDINATES GS STA
DAY HR MN SEC LAT LONG MB Msz USED
25 15 58 46.3 40.635 N 112.276 W 0 G 1.2 13 UTAH. ML 1.9 (GS). 5 miles (10 km) N of Tooele, Utah.
27 17 59 51.8* 47.347 N 93.185 W 0 G 1.7 5 MINNESOTA. mbLg 2.7 (GS). 15 miles (20 km) WSW of Hibbing,
Minnesota.
For origin times after September 30, 2002, USGS computations of hypocenters and magnitudes for routine mining events are listed in this publication only for exceptionally large events and for events that are also listed in the Reviewed Event Event Bulletins (REB) of the International Data Center of the United Nations' Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization.
Magnitude 8.1 Balleny Islands Region
ReplyDelete1998 March 25 03:12:25 UTC
Preliminary Earthquake Report
U.S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center
World Data Center for Seismology, Denver
Magnitude 8.1
Date-Time 1998 03 25 03:12:25 UTC
Location 62.87S 149.52E
Depth 10.0 kilometers
Region Balleny Islands Region
Reference 620 km (385 miles) NE of Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica
735 km (460 miles) WNW of Young Island, Balleny Islands
2820 km (1750 miles) S of Melbourne, Australia
3075 km (1910 miles) S of CANBERRA, Australia
Location Quality Error estimate not available
Location Quality
Parameters Not available
Source USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)
Remarks Believed to be the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in this area to date. Complex earthquake, with a larger event occurring about 10 seconds after onset
1 INTRODUCTION
ReplyDeleteOn 14 March 1998 a destructive earthquake of Mw 6.6
occurred in the Kerman province of SE Iran. This earthquake
is interesting for a number of reasons. First, it ruptured about
20 km of the Gowk fault system, a right-lateral strike-slip
zone bordering the western edge of the Dasht-e-Lut desert,
and produced co-seismic faulting with horizontal offsets of up
to 3 m. Second, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry
shows that a thrust, subparallel to the Gowk fault and projecting
to the surface about 30 km further east, also moved
about 10 cm in a time interval and location which makes it likely
that its slip was triggered by the 1998 March 14 earthquake.
Third, the section of the Gowk fault system that moved in 1998,
centred on Fandoqa, also produced coseismic surface ruptures
during a larger (Mw 7.1) earthquake in 1981; however, whereas
the smaller (Mw 6.6) 1998 earthquake produced horizontal
offsets of up to 3 m, the larger (Mw 7.1) 1981 event produced
much smaller surface offsets reaching only 0.4 m.
In the last 20 years five earthquakes on an 80 km section
of the Gowk fault system have been associated with strikeslip
surface ruptures. At least one of them (1998 March 14) is
thought to have triggered slip (possibly aseismic) on adjacent
thrusts. This sequence of events offers some insights into how a
major oblique strike-slip and convergent fault system ruptures
and also into how thrusts associated with such strike-slip systems
can develop to create geological features often referred to as
‘flower structures’.
The aims of this paper are therefore (1) to use field
observations, seismology and SAR interferometry to investigate
the faulting in the 1998 March 14 Fandoqa earthquake,
(2) to re-assess the source parameters of earlier earthquakes on
the Gowk fault to see how they compare with the faulting in
1998, and (3) to understand how the complex faulting in these
earthquakes is related to the regional active tectonics.
2 GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC
SETTING
2.1 Topography
The Kerman province of SE Iran occupies a plateau typically
2000–2500 m in elevation, bordering the desert of the Dashte-
Lut, where elevations are less than 500 m (Figs 1–3). The
Kerman plateau itself is characterized by NW–SE to N–S trending
ranges that are bounded by reverse and right-lateral strikeslip
faults (see Figs 2 and 3 and Berberian 1981; Jackson &
McKenzie 1984; Berberian & Yeats 1999). A set of ranges 50 km
wide forms the edge of the plateau SE of Kerman (Figs 3 and 4),
separating it from the Dasht-e-Lut. These ranges are cut by the
Gowk fault, which is the subject of this paper. The Gowk fault
system is marked by a narrow linear valley that joins several
deep depressions: from north to south, at Chahar Farsakh,
Jowshan-Hashtadan, Fandoqa, Golbaf and South Golbaf
(Figs 5 and 6). The total length of the fault system is about
160 km, from the southern end of the Nayband fault in the
north to the Jebel Barez mountains in the south (Fig. 3). At its
northern end (y30.5uN) it turns NW and at its southern end
(y29.3uN) it turns SE, in both places apparently acquiring a
reverse component.
1 INTRODUCTION
ReplyDeleteOn 14 March 1998 a destructive earthquake of Mw 6.6
occurred in the Kerman province of SE Iran. This earthquake
is interesting for a number of reasons. First, it ruptured about
20 km of the Gowk fault system, a right-lateral strike-slip
zone bordering the western edge of the Dasht-e-Lut desert,
and produced co-seismic faulting with horizontal offsets of up
to 3 m. Second, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry
shows that a thrust, subparallel to the Gowk fault and projecting
to the surface about 30 km further east, also moved
about 10 cm in a time interval and location which makes it likely
that its slip was triggered by the 1998 March 14 earthquake.
Third, the section of the Gowk fault system that moved in 1998,
centred on Fandoqa, also produced coseismic surface ruptures
during a larger (Mw 7.1) earthquake in 1981; however, whereas
the smaller (Mw 6.6) 1998 earthquake produced horizontal
offsets of up to 3 m, the larger (Mw 7.1) 1981 event produced
much smaller surface offsets reaching only 0.4 m.
In the last 20 years five earthquakes on an 80 km section
of the Gowk fault system have been associated with strikeslip
surface ruptures. At least one of them (1998 March 14) is
thought to have triggered slip (possibly aseismic) on adjacent
thrusts. This sequence of events offers some insights into how a
major oblique strike-slip and convergent fault system ruptures
and also into how thrusts associated with such strike-slip systems
can develop to create geological features often referred to as
‘flower structures’.
The aims of this paper are therefore (1) to use field
observations, seismology and SAR interferometry to investigate
the faulting in the 1998 March 14 Fandoqa earthquake,
(2) to re-assess the source parameters of earlier earthquakes on
the Gowk fault to see how they compare with the faulting in
1998, and (3) to understand how the complex faulting in these
earthquakes is related to the regional active tectonics.
2 GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC
SETTING
2.1 Topography
The Kerman province of SE Iran occupies a plateau typically
2000–2500 m in elevation, bordering the desert of the Dashte-
Lut, where elevations are less than 500 m